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Massacre of Phocaea
The Massacre of Phocaea ((ギリシア語:Η Σφαγή της Φώκαιας), ''I Sfagí tis Fókaias'') occurred in June 1914, as part of the ethnic cleansing policies of the Ottoman Empire.〔 It was perpetrated by irregular Turkish bands against the predominantly ethnic Greek town of Phocaea, modern Foça, in the east coast of the Aegean Sea. The massacre was part of a wider anti-Greek campaign of genocide launched by the Young Turk Ottoman authorities, which included boycott, intimidation, forced deportations and massive killings.〔Lieberman, 2013: pp. 79–80〕 and was one of the worst attacks of this campaign.〔Bjornlund, 2013: p. 40〕
==Background==
In 1914, the Ottoman Empire had just emerged from the disastrous Balkan Wars, in which it had lost most of its European territories, except for Eastern Thrace, to the Christian Balkan League.〔Bjornlund, 2013: p. 14〕 Several tens of thousands of Balkan Muslims were streaming into the Empire as refugees.〔
At the same time tensions mounted with the Kingdom of Greece over possession of the islands of the northeastern Aegean, which Greece had captured during the wars. In February 1914, the Great Powers decided that Greece would keep most of them, a decision that the Ottoman government rejected. A Greco-Ottoman naval race was the result, with threats of war over the issue of the islands.〔Boubougiatzi, 2009: pp. 82–86〕 In this atmosphere, the Greek population of the Ottoman Empire became a target of the Young Turk Ottoman government, from a press campaign against them, limitations to the autonomy of their educational institutions, the imposition of military service, as well as various financial measures, culminating in a boycott of Greek-owned businesses.〔Boubougiatzi, 2009: pp. 76–100〕
The Young Turk leadership began implementing ethnic cleansing policies in the spring of 1914. The Greek communities of the Aegean region of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace were targeted, facing boycott, intimidation, attacks by irregulars and massacre.〔Lieberman, 2013: p. 79〕 Some communities had the opportunity to avoid death by converting to Islam.〔Bjornlund, 2013: p. 35〕 In the Aydin Vilayet, on the Aegean coast of Anatolia, a total of 8,000-10,000 armed irregulars (bashi-bazouks) were operating as part of this campaign. According to reports submitted by the Danish consul of nearby Smyrna, Alfred Van de Zee, these groups were financed and run by the Ottoman state.〔Bjornlund, 2013: p. 39〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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